Flebogrif

key papers

Published studies have included nearly 1000 patients so far treated with Flebogrif and are listed below [?link to references accordion]. As with the previous generation MOCA device, methodological details for optimal use still need to be established, especially sclerosant concentration. Many of the early papers were pilot studies but nevertheless reported helpful data. More significant publications are highlighted here.

‍Park andPark (2026) Korean retrospective cohort study of 61 patients (105 GSVs) treated with Flebogrif and 2% STS(Fibrovein), mean foam volume 17.70 ml ± 6.13 ml. Anatomical success was 95.3%at one year. http://dx.doi.org/10.37923/phle.2024.22.2.77

‍Alozai etal (2022) published a systematic review of the early published studies up to October2020. A pooled analysis of three trials with 12-month follow-up gave ananatomic success rate of 93.2% (95% CI 90.3% - 96.1%) based on the using Flebogrif to teat 289 patients. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.05.010 Two of the included studies used 2%polidocanol as the sclerosant (equivalent to 1% STS) and one used 3%polidocanol.

‍Iłżecki etal (2021), one of the studies included in the Alozai systematic review, published the three year follow-up of a cohort 200 patients of GSVs and SSVs treated with Flebogrif and 3% polidocanol. Closure rates of 92% remained at one-, two- and three-year follow-up. Baseline VCSS and VAS scores dropped significantly in the first year and remained reduced right up to the three-year follow-up. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/pr.2021.106880

‍Tawfik etal (2020), also included in the Alozai review, is a comparative study of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) versus Flebogrif with 2% polidocanol (MOCA). In the trial 100patients were randomised to either treatment; 50 patients were treated in each group with the majority of affected veins being the GSV. One patient had a recurrence in the EVLA group and two in the MOCA group equating to one year closure rates of 98% and 96%respectively. The MOCA group had a significantly shorter operative time (26.9 ±9.0 minutes) compared the EVLA group (46.9 ± 10.0 minutes) and shorter time to return to work of 3.8 (± 1.0) days compared to 8.0 (± 1.4) days for EVLA treatment. There were significantly fewer cases of phlebitis in the MOCA group compared to EVLA (0 vs 7). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.10.025

‍Zubilewicz et al (2023) treated 200 patients with GSV incompetence using Flebogrif and 3% polidocanol. At 12 month follow-up, 180 patients were reviewed; 90% had a lack of reflux in the GSV. Complete GSV occlusion was observed in 82.78%, partial segmental occlusion was noted in 12.22% with whole vein reopening in 5% cases. Quality of life indices were significantly improved and 94% returned to normal activities with two days post-procedure. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2022.12.014

‍Ammollo etal (2020) reported the three month occlusion rates of 24 MOCA procedures on 23 patients’ GSVs using Flebogrif and either 1.5% POL or 3% POL foam. None of the 3% POL cases showed recanalization but two of the 14 cases treated with 1.5% POL showed evidence of recanalisaton within the first few centimetres of the SFJ. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32123682

‍Canata et al (2025) published a case series of five patients with venous ulcers (3 to 5 cm diameter) treated with Flebogrif and 3% POL. All patients had the truncal vein (GSV or SSV) treated from the level of the ankle below the perforator vein under or near the ulcer to the SFJ or SPJ. Ulcer healing occurred between 21 and 35 days. http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S1593-232X.24.00640-4

Alozai, T., E. Huizing, M. Schreve, M. C. Mooij, C. J. van Vlijmen, W. Wisselink, and C. Unlu. "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mechanochemical Endovenous Ablation Using Flebogrif for Varicose Veins." J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 10, no. 1 (Jan 2022): 248-57 e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.jvsv.2021.05.010

.Ammollo, R. P., A. Petrone, A. M. Giribono, L. Ferrante, L. Del Guercio, and U. M. Bracale. "Early Results of Mechanochemical Ablation with Flebogrif(R) in Great Saphenous Vein Insufficiency: Does Polidocanol Concentration Affect Outcome?" Transl Med UniSa 21 (Jan-Apr 2020): 47-51. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32123682.

Blebea, J., E. Fukaya, K. S. Moore, and F. Lurie. "Mechanochemical Chemically Assisted Ablation of Varicose Veins for Venous Insufficiency: American Vein and Lymphatic Society Position Statement." Phlebology 40, no. 2 (Mar 2025): 104-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555241276554.

Canata, V.M., J.R. Rios, P. L. Antignani, V. Canata, G. Nunez, L. Quiroga, and V. Ramirez. "First Experiecne of Varicose Vein Ulcer Closure with Moca No Rotational." Acta Phlebologica 26 (2025): 49-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S1593-232X.24.00640-4.

Chaudhary, Piyush, Ravul Jindal, Deepali Verma, Taranvir Kaur, Shabjot Dhillon, and Navjot Kaur. "Mechanochemical Endovenous Ablation: Latest Varicose Vein Treatment." Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 6, no. 1 (2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijves.ijves_53_18.

Ciostek, Piotr, Marcin Kowalski, Witold Woźniak, Tomasz Miłek, Piotr Myrcha, and Bartosz Migda. "Phlebogriffe – a New Device for Mechanochemical Ablation of Incompetent Saphenous Veins: A Pilot Study." Phlebological Review 3 (2015): 72-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/pr.2015.57466.

Ilzecki, M., P. Terlecki, S. Przywara, J. Ilzecka, S. Dave, and T. Zubilewicz. "The Novel Minimally Invasive Mechano-Chemical Technique of the Saphenous Vein Ablation. Our Centre Experience: Results of 24 Months Follow-Up." Acta Angiol 25 (2019): 127-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/AA.2019.0008.

Ilzecki, M., P. Terlecki, S. Przywara, T. Urbanek, A. Pedrycz-Wieczorska, S. Dave, and T. Zubilewicz. "A New Device for Minimally Invasive Mechano-Chemical Method of Spahenous Vein Ablation. Report of 12 Months of Follow-Up." Acta Angiol 24 (2018): 67-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/AA.2018.0013.

Khryshchanovich, V. Ya. "Mechanochemical Ablation of Great Saphenous Vein under Vitamin K Antagonist Therapy." Flebologiia 14, no. 4 (2020): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/flebo202014041367.

Khryshchanovich, V. Ya, I. P. Klimchuk, R. Proczka, N. А Rogovoy, S. S. Kalinin, S. Mazur, and Е V. Nelipovich. "Results of Truncal Endovenous Mechano-Chemical Ablation in Varicose Disease." Novosti Khirurgii 27, no. 6 (2019): 630-39. https://elib.vsmu.by/server/api/core/bitstreams/27152dd9-ad67-416f-98bb-29021c2b36c1/content.

Magnani, A. S., T. F. N. Villari, A. A. Melo, M. J. da Silva, and D. B. D. Leiderman. "Efficacy of Using the Mechanochemical Endovenous Ablation to Treat Chronic Venous Ulcers: Case Report and Literature Review." J Vasc Bras 24 (2025): e20230173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.202301732.

Oud, S., T. Alozai, M. A. Schreve, M. C. Mooij, C. J. van Vlijmen, and C. Unlu. "Comparing Mechanochemical Endovenous Ablation Using Flebogrif with Endovenous Laser Ablation in the Treatment of Primary Great Saphenous Vein Incompetence: Protocol for a Multicentre, Open-Label, Non-Inferiority, Observer-Blinded, Randomised Controlled Trial (Reborn Trial)." BMJ Open 14, no. 8 (Aug 7 2024): e087490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-087490.

Park, I. and S. Park. "One-Year Outcomes of Mechanochemical Ablation of Incompetent Saphenous Veins Using the Flebogrif Device." J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 14, no. 1 (Jan 2026): 102345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102345.

Park, Insoo and Sujin Park. "Early Outcomes of Flebogrif®, a Mechanochemical Ablation Technique, for Treating Chronic Venous Disorders." Annals of Phlebology 22, no. 2 (2024): 77-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37923/phle.2024.22.2.77.

Petrone, A., A. Peluso, R. P. Ammollo, D. Turchino, L. Del Guercio, M. Andreucci, R. Serra, and U. M. Bracale. "Selective Crossectomy Combined with Mechanochemical Ablation in the Treatment of Great Saphenous Vein Insufficiency: Early Results of a Single Center Experience." Phlebology 37, no. 7 (Aug 2022): 522-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555221092194.

Razaque, A., M. K. Shazlee, S. Qamar, S. M. S. Hyder, and H. Adel. "Early Results of Mechanochemical Ablation by Flebogrif and Radiofrequency Ablation in Treating Primary Varicose Veins of Lower Limb." Cureus 15, no. 9 (Sep 2023): e45874. http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45874.

Rybak, Z., M. Janeczek, M. Dobrzynski, M. Wujczyk, A. Czerski, P. Kuropka, A. Noszczyk-Nowak, M. Szymonowicz, A. Sender-Janeczek, K. Wiglusz, and R. J. Wiglusz. "Study of Flebogrif(®)-a New Tool for Mechanical Sclerotherapy-Effectiveness Assessment Based on Animal Model." Nanomaterials (Basel) 11, no. 2 (Feb 21 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020544.

Soliman, A. H. "Mechano-Chemical Enod-Venous Ablation of Varicose Veins with Flebogrif Occusion Catheter." Med J Cairo Univ 87 (2019): 3749-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mjcu.2019.69943.

Tawfik, A. M., W. A. Sorour, and M. E. El-Laboudy. "Laser Ablation Versus Mechanochemical Ablation in the Treatment of Primary Varicose Veins: A Randomized Clinical Trial." J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 8, no. 2 (Mar 2020): 211-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.10.025.

Terlecki, P., M. Boryga, P. Kołodziej, K. Gołacki, Z. Stropek, D. Janczak, M. Antkiewicz, and T. Zubilewicz. "Mechanical Characteristics of the Flebogrif System-the New System of Mechano-Chemical Endovenous Ablation." Materials (Basel) 15, no. 7 (Apr 1 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072599.

Terlecki, P., K. Terlecki, S. Przywara, M. Ilzecki, M. Toborek, R. Pietura, P. Maga, M. Maga, and T. Zubilewicz. "Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome: Employment of a New Endovascular Treatment Technique-Mechanochemical Ablation Using the Flebogrif System." J Clin Med 11, no. 18 (Sep 6 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11185255.

Zubilewicz, T., P. Terlecki, K. Terlecki, S. Przywara, J. Rybak, and M. Ilzecki. "Application of Endovenous Mechanochemical Ablation (Moca) with Flebogrif™ to Treat Varicose Veins of the Lower Extremities: A Single Centre Experience over 3 Months of Observation." Acta Angiol 22 (2016): 137-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/AA.2016.0012.

Zubilewicz, Tomasz, Tomasz Urbanek, Aleksandra Jaworucka-Kaczorowska, Dariusz Janczak, Piotr Terlecki, Maciej Juśko, and Tadeusz Dorobisz. "Saphenous Vein Mechanochemical Ablation by Flebogrif: One-Year Results of the Prospective Multicentre Trial (Polfleb Study)." Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders 11, no. 2 (2023): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2022.12.014.